Despite popular conceptions, research has failed to support the claim that groups of individuals can attain high-average levels of performance in judgments of truth and deception. Most experiments have shown that people perform at no better than chance level (DePaulo, Stone, & Lassiter, 1985; Memon, Vrij, & Bull, 2003; Vrij, 2000; Zuckerman, DePaulo, & Rosenthal, 1981); that training programs produce, at best, small and inconsistent improvements compared with naive control groups (Bull, 1989; Kassin & Fong, 1999; Porter, Woodworth, & Birt, 2000; Vrij, 1994; Zuckerman, Koestner, & Alton, 1984); and that police investigators, judges, psychiatrists, customs inspectors, polygraph examiners, and others with relevant job experience perform only slightly better than chance, if at all (Bull, 1989; DePaulo, 1994; DePaulo & Pfeifer, 1986; Ekman & O’Sullivan, 1991; Garrido, Masip, & Herrero, 2004; Granhag & Stromwall, 2004; Koehnken, 1987; Porter et al., 2000).